Purpose: This study identified the influence of perceived social psychological climate on sport character among college students participating in exercise. Methods: Participants were 330(male=235, female=95) college students, measures were the Caring Climate Scale(CCS), the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire(PMCSQ), and Sport Character Scale(SCS). Data analyses were conducted: Internal consistency of measures was assessed by using reliability analysis and causal effects were identified by structural equation modeling. Results: Motivational climate influenced on the five sub-scales(compassion, fairness, sportspersonship, antisocial attitude, and integrity) of the sport character: Mastery climate was negatively related to antisocial attitude and positively related to other four sub-scales of sport character while performance climate was positively related to antisocial attitude and negatively related to other four sub-scales of it. Meanwhile, caring climate positively influenced only on sportspersonship significantly. Model fit indices were good(χ²/df=2.163, TLI=.930, CFI=.943, SRMR=.048, RMSEA=.060). Conclusion: This study not only contributed to introducing the concept of social psychological climate and verifying the validity of the sport character scale, but also presented the structural model between social psychological climate and sport character in collegiate students participating in exercise.

Purpose: The aims of the study were to (a) develop culturally adapted translated itmes of the Test of Performance Strategies 2, an improvement of TOPS, and (b) provide evidence of validity and reliability of the Korean version of the TOPS 2. Methods: The TOPS 2 was designed to assess 9 psychological strategies in a competition setting (self-talk, emotional control, automaticity, goal setting, imagery, activation, relaxation, negative thinking, distractibility). The measure included a newly added subscale of distractibility. A total of 36 competition items were independently translated by two bilingual experts in sport psychology and English language into Korean and compared with the original items. A total of 50 university athletes examined meaning and clarity of the translated items and provided feedback. Results: The results of exploratory factor analyses supported 8 factor structures of 28 items. Contrary to the factor structure of the original TOPS 2, some items from automaticity and activation subscales merged into a single factor, leading to 8 factors in a preliminary Korean version. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the 8 factor structure of the Korean version. Additional results provided evidence of the version. Reliability analyses also showed adequate evidence for the stability and internal consistency. Conclusion: The Korean version of the TOPS 2 appears to be a valid and reliable measure of psychological skills as well as an improvement over the previous TOPS.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how the unique partnership of Dancesport develops, what are its key factors, and to specify the concepts derived from the process of development. Methods: To collect data, in-depth interviews were conducted with 6 pairs of national competition champions who have more than 5 years of partnership experience and who are registered in the Korean Federation of Dancesport. The data collected from the interviews were analyzed by Triangulation in open coding, axis coding, and selection coding according to Grounded Theory methodology. Results: With coding, 66 concepts, 17 subcategories and 6 upper categories were found. These were categorized and structured. When analyzing the results, first, the participants met their partners and `shared goal consciousness` each other. Second, by accumulating various positive experiences, they built four types of strong `trust`. Third, `behavior of trust maintenance` was influenced by various stimulations, both positively and negatively. Finally, a `harmonization` of partnerships developed. Conclusion: Several of the concepts investigated were found to exist multidimensionally as the process of partnership developed over time. We suggest that a theoretical verification for the process of developing partnership is needed.

Purpose: This study was conducted to explore the characteristics of rivals recognized by elementary school football players and the psychological functions of rivals. Methods: A total of 194 female football players who were elementary school students belonging to the Korea Football Association were collected through open questionnaires. We categorized the collected data through inductive content analysis. Results: First, We collected a total of 268 raw data for the characteristics of rivals recognized by elementary school football players. We classified these into 14 subcategories. such as performance level, skill, and promotion of competition. We categorized these into five categories: similar conditions, excellent performance, achievement target object, comparative advantage, and experience imprint. Second, We collected the positive functions of rivals in a total of 318 raw data. We classified these into 14 sub categories. such as promotion of competition, play enhancement, growth footsteps, guidance and counseling, and training aid. We categorized these into four categories psychological motivation, performance enhancement, mentoring, and training efficiency improvement. Third, We collected the negative functions of rivals in a total of 152 raw data. We classified these into 12 sub categories. such as anger inducement, play shrinkage, self-esteem damage, and relationship impairment. These we categorized into four categories: jealousy trigger, play disturbance, psychological atrophy, and relationship conflict. Conclusion: An elementary school football player recognizes an achievement target object, based on an excellent performance, in relative superiority to a rival even though the condition is similar to her own. The rivals improve competitiveness, increase training effectiveness, experience mentoring, and become psychologically synchronized. On the other hand, the rivalry triggers jealousy if the rivals are psychologically depressed at the same time. It interferes with play, and the rivals experience conflict with each other. We hope that this study will provide a psychological understanding of rivals, rivals` consciousness, and rival relationships, and that it will stimulate an interest in psychological interactions among competitors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to investigated and compared the relationship between counterfactual thinking and sports happiness among Korean and Chinese swimmers. Methods: Participants were 97 Korean swimmers and 88 Chinese swimmers and they were asked to complete the questionnaire regarding counterfactual thinking and sports happiness. The exploratory factor analysis was conducted for data validity. Descriptive statistics was produced and independent t-test, regression analysis were also used. Results: The results are as follows; First, Korean swimmers had more others-internal-subtractive counterfactual thinking than the Chinese swimmers. Second, There are no significant difference on ego-internal-additive-counterfactual thinking, ego-external-addictive counterfactual thinking between Korean and Chinese swimming athletes. Third, Chinese swimmers felt more happiness about social welfare, systematic training and self-development than Korean swimmers. Fourth, human-relationship happiness were deeply influenced by counterfactual thinking regardless of countries. Conclusion: Results showed a different relationships on counterfactual thinking and sports happiness between Korean and Chinese swimming athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to predict the relationship between coach-athlete relationship through emotional labor and burnout level perceived by athlete coaches in sport field. Methods: For this purpose, data were collected from 185 athlete coach in South Korea through the survey. Measurement tools consisted of questionnaires on the emotional labor, athlete coach` burnout, and coach-athlete relationship that were designed in line with the research purpose. Collected data were analyzed using reliability testing, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and simple mediation effect test. Results: First, emotional labor level perceived by coaches was positively related to coach-athlete relationship and burnout level. Burnout level negatively correlated with coach-athlete relationships. Second, emotional labor level of the coach was found to have a negative effect on the coach-athlete relationship through burnout. Conclusion: Emotional labor strategies perceived by coaches in sports field can maintain coach-athlete relationship positively, but it showed that if the burnout level increases, the relationship with the athlete can negatively predict.